Translation & orthography

What you’ll learn

1. Justify commas through sentence structure rather than pauses when reading.
2. Distinguish compounds from phrases and hyphens from dashes.
3. Identify syntactic roles even when word order is misleading.
4. Replace unnatural calques without rejecting every established borrowing.
5. Choose between an equivalent, a paraphrase and a new image according to the intended effect.
6. Prepare a publishable version and justify changes while preserving the author’s meaning.