Evidence → inference. You enter a wet courtyard: "Валяло е"
. You did not see the rain, but infer it from its traces. This inferential use is called the conclusive.
Its patterns resemble the renarrative but keep "е/са" in third person: "пишел е"
, "писал е"
, "бил е писал"
, "щял е да пише"
, "щял е да е писал"
. Negatives include "не е писал"
and, in future patterns, "нямало е да пише"
.
First and second person are identical in form to the renarrative: "писал съм"
, "писал си"
. Context distinguishes inference from reporting. Participles agree: "писала е"
, "писали са"
.
Not every "е писал"
is an inference. It also matches the ordinary perfect: "Той е писал три книги"
may simply state a fact. Look for evidence and context, not just an ending.
"Ти си бил тук!" can express a sudden discovery, an admirative use. It need not mean somebody told you.
| лице | извод за минало действие |
|---|---|
| аз | писал съм / писала съм |
| ти | писал си / писала си |
| той / тя / то | писал е / писала е / писало е |
| ние | писали сме |
| вие | писали сте |
| те | писали са |
Examples
Дворът е мокър. Валяло е през нощта.
The courtyard is wet. It must have rained during the night.
Лампата свети. Някой е останал в офиса.
The light is on. Someone must have stayed at the office.
По бележките личи, че тя е пишела с молив.
The notes show that she was writing in pencil.
От датите става ясно: той е бил подал молбата преди срещата.
The dates make it clear: he must have submitted the application before the meeting.
Билетът е за утре. Тя е щяла да пътува с нас.
The ticket is for tomorrow. She must have been planning to travel with us.
Вратата е заключена, а ключът го няма. Иван е излязъл.
The door is locked and the key is missing. Ivan must have gone out.
For speakers of your language
English "must have" can express an inference. Do not mechanically use "трябва"
: with evidence, "Валяло е"
is also natural.
Quick quiz
You infer an event from evidence. Choose the conclusive form.
Те са тръгнали.
In third person,"са"distinguishes the conclusive from renarrative
"тръгнали".
You see traces of rain. Complete the inference.
През нощта е ___.
валяло
Impersonal"вали"takes the neuter:
"валяло е".
Choose the conclusive form for an earlier past event.
Той е бил писал.
"Е бил писал"retains both
"е"and the participle
"бил".
Complete an inference about Elena.
По почерка личи, че Елена е ___.
писала
The participle agrees with"Елена":
"писала".
"Той е писал"
always expresses an inference.
False
The same form is also an ordinary perfect. Context distinguishes the uses.The door is locked and the key is missing. Ivan must have gone out.
Вратата е заключена, а ключът го няма. Иван е излязъл.
The door is locked and the key is missing. Ivan must have gone out.