Learn Bulgarian

Grammar · A1

Noun gender

Every noun is masculine, feminine or neuter — and its ending usually tells you which.

Look at the end of the word:

  • consonant → masculine: "⁠стол⁠", "⁠хляб⁠", "⁠чай⁠"
  • -а / -я → feminine: "⁠маса⁠", "⁠стая⁠"
  • -о / -е → neuter: "⁠мляко⁠", "⁠кафе⁠", "⁠дете⁠"

Exceptions:

  • words for men ending in -а or -о: "⁠баща⁠" (father), "⁠дядо⁠" (grandpa) are masculine;
  • some words ending in a consonant are feminine: "⁠нощ⁠" (night), "⁠пролет⁠", "⁠есен⁠", "⁠сол⁠";
  • many foreign words in -и, -у, -ю are neuter: "⁠такси⁠", "⁠меню⁠".

Why it matters: gender decides the article ("⁠стол → столът⁠", "⁠маса → масата⁠"), the adjective ("⁠голям стол⁠", "⁠голяма маса⁠") and "⁠един / една / едно⁠" (one).

Мъжки родЖенски родСреден род
столмасалегло
хлябсупакафе
чайстаямляко
бащанощтакси

Examples

Един чай и една баница, моля.

One tea and one banitsa, please.

Искам едно кафе и една баница.

I'd like a coffee and a banitsa.

Баща ми е инженер.

My father is an engineer.

Нощта е топла.

The night is warm.

Таксито е пред хотела.

The taxi is in front of the hotel.

For speakers of your language

Like German, Bulgarian has three genders — but here the ending almost always tells you which. English speakers: just learn the three endings.

Quick quiz

What gender is "⁠стая⁠" (room)?

___ кафе, моля.

"⁠Баща⁠" (father) ends in -а, so it's feminine.

What gender is "⁠нощ⁠" (night)?

Искам ___ ябълка.

Grammar

Plural

Most nouns take -и, neuter nouns take -а or -та, and a few are irregular.

A1

The definite article

Bulgarian the is glued to the end of the word: "⁠маса → масата⁠".

A1

Adjectives

An adjective changes its ending to match the noun: "⁠хубав град⁠", "⁠хубава стая⁠", "⁠хубаво кафе⁠", "⁠хубави хора⁠".

A1