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Grammar · C2

Legal syntax: scope, conditions and exceptions

Identify who has a right or obligation, under which conditions and with which exceptions.

Find the rule, then delimit its scope. All examples here are invented language exercises, not current provisions. For a real procedure, check the institution’s current requirements.

Separate the person, action, condition, deadline and exception. "⁠Може да⁠" expresses permission or possibility depending on context; "⁠длъжен е да⁠" expresses obligation. "⁠Не е длъжен да⁠" is not a prohibition. In the passive "⁠Заявлението се подава от заявителя⁠", the agent follows "⁠от⁠".

Keep the condition attached. In "⁠Ако липсва подпис, заявлението се връща⁠", returning it depends on a missing signature. "⁠Освен ако⁠" introduces an exception; "⁠само ако⁠" gives a necessary condition. A rule admitting someone only if registered does not guarantee admission to every registered person.

When simplifying, turn the action into a verb: "⁠при непредставяне на…⁠" → "⁠ако не представите…⁠". Preserve negation and all restrictions. Do not invent an agent where none is specified. Distinguish the decision’s wording from the summariser’s explanation.

конструкциясмисъл
длъжен е дазадължение
не е длъжен далипса на задължение
само аконеобходимо условие
освен акоизключение

Examples

Заявлението се подава от заявителя или от негов пълномощник.

The application is submitted by the applicant or their authorised representative.

Ако липсва подпис, заявлението се връща за поправка.

If a signature is missing, the application is returned for correction.

Достъп се разрешава само ако посетителят е регистриран.

Access is permitted only if the visitor is registered.

Срокът е пет дни, освен ако в поканата е посочен друг срок.

The deadline is five days, unless the invitation specifies a different deadline.

Заявителят не е длъжен да присъства лично.

The applicant is not obliged to attend in person.

For speakers of your language

Do not automatically interpret English "⁠may⁠" as permission: "⁠може да⁠" can likewise express possibility. Check the context.

Quick quiz

Who submits the application in "⁠Заявлението се подава от заявителя⁠"?

What does "⁠не е длъжен да присъства⁠" mean?

Choose an exact rewrite of "⁠при непредставяне на подписан формуляр⁠".

The invitation specifies three days. Applying the teaching rule in example 4, which deadline applies?

"⁠Само ако е регистриран⁠" guarantees access to every registered person.

Grammar