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Grammar · B2

Unreal conditions: now and in the past

Discuss imaginary situations and past opportunities that did not happen.

Locate the condition in time.

For an unreal situation now, use "⁠ако⁠" + imperfect: "⁠Ако имах опит, щях да кандидатствам⁠". This is an imaginary present even though "⁠имах⁠" has a past form.

For an unfulfilled past condition, use "⁠ако⁠" + past perfect: "⁠Ако бях видяла обявата, щях да кандидатствам⁠". The woman did not see it and did not apply. "⁠Бях⁠" changes for person; the participle changes for gender and number.

The result commonly uses "⁠щях/щеше/щяхме/щяхте/щяха⁠" + "⁠да⁠" + present form. "⁠Бих⁠" + participle is also possible: "⁠Ако бях знаел, бих помогнал⁠". A longer form is not inherently more polite.

Negative result: "⁠Ако бях тръгнал по-рано, нямаше да закъснея⁠". "⁠Нямаше⁠" is impersonal: "⁠нямаше да закъснеем⁠".

Mixed time: "⁠Ако бях приела предложението тогава, сега щях да работя във Варна⁠". The condition is past; the result is present.

Do not mechanically insert "⁠щях⁠" after "⁠ако⁠": learn the pattern "⁠ако бях знаел, щях да…⁠".

ситуацияусловиерезултат
сега: нямам опитако имах опитщях да кандидатствам
минало: не видях обяватаако бях видял / видяла обяватащях да кандидатствам
минало: не видяхме обяватаако бяхме видели обяватащяхме да кандидатстваме
отрицателен резултатако бяхме тръгнали по-ранонямаше да закъснеем

Examples

Ако имах повече опит, щях да кандидатствам за ръководител.

If I had more experience, I would apply for a leadership position.

Ако бях видяла обявата навреме, щях да изпратя документи.

If I had seen the advert in time, I would have sent in my application.

Ако бяхме обсъдили срока, нямаше да обещаем толкова много.

If we had discussed the deadline, we would not have promised so much.

Ако бях приела предложението тогава, сега щях да работя във Варна.

If I had accepted the offer then, I would be working in Varna now.

Ако бях на твое място, бих поискал обратна връзка.

If I were you, I would ask for feedback.

Ако бях знаел за промяната, щях да ти се обадя.

If I had known about the change, I would have called you.

For speakers of your language

English distinguishes "⁠would do⁠" and "⁠would have done⁠". Bulgarian "⁠щях да направя⁠" can convey either; context supplies the time.

Quick quiz

A woman describes a missed past opportunity. Complete.

Ако ___ обявата, щях да кандидатствам.

Complete the result for "⁠ние⁠".

Ако бяхме знаели, ___ да кандидатстваме.

Choose a negative counterfactual result.

I have no time now. Choose a condition for an imaginary present.

In "⁠Ако бях приела тогава, сега щях да работя⁠", the result is present.

If I had known about the change, I would have called you.

Grammar