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Grammar · C1

Word order and focus: what you highlight

Order, intonation and particles such as "⁠само⁠" determine what is new or contrasted.

First identify the conversational question. "⁠Кой изпрати доклада?⁠" calls for "⁠Мария го изпрати⁠". "⁠Какво изпрати Мария?⁠" calls for "⁠Мария изпрати доклада⁠". The same facts can have different focus.

Neutral order is often subject–verb–object. A familiar topic can come first: "⁠Доклада го изпратих вчера⁠". The short pronoun "⁠го⁠" links the fronted object to the verb. This does not introduce a second recipient or object.

Contrast can reorganise the order: "⁠На Иван дадох ключа, не на Мария⁠". Intonation signals the contrast; the final position is not the only possible place for focus. Do not freely reorder short pronouns: "⁠Днес му го изпратих⁠", not "⁠Днес го му изпратих⁠".

With "⁠само⁠", track its scope: "⁠Само Мария изпрати доклада⁠" excludes other senders; "⁠Мария изпрати само доклада⁠" excludes other things sent.

Full and short masculine articles follow syntactic role, not position: "⁠Докладът е готов⁠", but "⁠Доклада го изпратих⁠". When reading aloud, distinguish sentence emphasis from the dictionary stress of a word.

въпрос или контрастотговор
Кой изпрати доклада?Мария го изпрати.
Какво изпрати Мария?Мария изпрати доклада.
Какво стана с доклада?Доклада го изпратих вчера.
На кого даде ключа?На Иван го дадох, не на Мария.
Кой единствен?Само Мария го изпрати.

Examples

Само Мария изпрати доклада навреме.

Only Maria sent the report on time.

Мария изпрати само доклада, без приложенията.

Maria sent only the report, without the attachments.

Доклада го изпратих вчера, а приложенията ще изпратя днес.

I sent the report yesterday; I’ll send the attachments today.

На Иван дадох ключа, не на Мария.

It was to Ivan that I gave the key, not Maria.

Днес му го изпратих по имейл.

Today I sent it to him by email.

Докладът е готов, но още не е изпратен.

The report is ready, but it has not been sent yet.

For speakers of your language

Bulgarian permits more rearrangement than neutral English order, but not arbitrary rearrangement of short pronouns.

Quick quiz

Which sentence excludes other senders rather than other documents?

___ го изпратих вчера.

Which line keeps the standard order of short pronouns?

A noun at the beginning of a sentence is always the subject.

Which reply corrects the recipient of the key?

Grammar